Mountains joined SPLM/A as well as Blue Nile which joined in late 1980s7. The war continued until 2005 when the comprehensive peace agreement (CPA)8 was signed. After the CPA, the two states of South Kordufan (SK) and Blue Nile (BN) enjoyed relative peace up to 2011 when South Sudan declared its independence as a result of the Referendum on the right to self-determination, which was enshrined in the CPA and guaranteed by the Interim National Constitution 2005. The cessation of South Sudan divided the SPLM/A into two. One Part in South Sudan and the other remained in Sudan and subsequently renamed as Sudan Peoples‟ Liberation Movement/Army-North (SPLM/ A-N). The conflict broke out in South Kordufan state in 2011, due to many factors. There was a historical lack of trust9 between the two parties (SPLM and NCP), tension over the results of the state‟s complementary elections and the expected exercise of the Popular Consultation10which constituted in the (CPA). The Government of Sudan (GoS) attempted to disarm the SPLA soldiers in SK but the disarmament was opposed by the SPLM leadership hence the conflict. In June 2011 the president of Sudan (Omar Albashir)11 declared the state of emergency in SK under the Emergency Act of 1998. The State of Emergency also had been declared in BN in September 2011. The state of emergency had favored the security officials‟ to violate the rights of civilians. National Intelligence and Security services (NISS) and Military Intelligence (MI) practiced to arrest civilians arbitrarily accusing them of associating with the SPLA-N. Many people in villages in the two states were forced by Sudan Armed Force (SAF) and its allied militias to evacuate or burned12. In September 2011 the war spread to Blue Nile state due to the tension created by the conflict in SK. The war broke out in Blue Nile after president Omar Al-Bashir had rejected the implementation of Nafie13 Agar14 agreement15 which was signed on 29th June 2011. Nevertheless, on 22nd August 2011 Al-Bashir and Agar held a meeting in 7 Please review the following link for more info http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/africa/horn-ofafrica/sudan/204-sudans-spreading-conflict-ii-war-in-blue-nile.pdf 8 In January 2005 at Naivasha, Kenya, CPA was signed between the Government of Sudan and SPLM.It was mediated by the Intergovernmental Authority for Development (IGAD). It includes six protocols one is dedicated for SK and BN (two areasprotocol). 9 For more information please visit:https://books.google.co.tz/books?id=7CTvCQAAQBAJ&lpg=PA746&ots=ectFgRG7cD&dq=lack%20of%20trust% 20between%20SPLA%20and%20SAF&pg=PA754#v=onepage&q=lack%20of%20trust%20between%20SPLA%20and %20SAF&f=false 10 Popular consultation is an exercise whereby the two states’ Legislative Assemblies review the CPA and decide their fate as well as submitting their recommendation to the Presidency. 11 He is the current president of Sudan who is indicted by International Criminal Court (ICC) 12 http://www.amnestyusa.org/sites/default/files/afr540112013en.pdf 13 Dr. Nafie Ali Nafie, president assistant and deputy chairman of NCP 14 Malik Agar Eyre, Blue Nile state governor and chairman of SPLM-N 15 http://www.sudantribune.com/IMG/pdf/Two_Areas_Agreement.pdf 7