and analyzed, they clearly fall within the patterns prohibited under the Rome Statute, including murder, torture, rape, forced displacement, and persecution. These kinds of atrocities may necessitate the intervention of the ICC though insofar as the ICC’s mandate (via UNSC 1593) is currently limited to Darfur. Overall, the documented violations reveal a clear failure - or deliberate pattern - by the parties to the conflict to distinguish between civilians and combatants, protect vulnerable groups, and prevent acts that undermine human dignity. The scale, severity, and discriminatory nature of these violations underscore the urgent need for effective accountability mechanisms, enhanced protection measures for civilians, and sustained international engagement to prevent the commission of further atrocities. Without such efforts, violence, displacement, and impunity will continue to threaten the rights, safety, and survival of millions of people in Sudan. 16