victims, relatives of the victims, community leaders, and eye witnesses among others, and they were of different genders. Open sources of information were accessed online including from credible news agencies like the BBC, testimonies within YouTube videos, and reports from the international NGOs like Human Rights Watch (HRW), Amnesty International (AI), and other international agencies like UN bodies. The interviews were carried out by ten trained human rights monitors supported by HUDO Centre staff. Each monitor was given a target of interviewing between 4-5 interviewees. The interview methods used varied: some were conducted face-to-face and others were conducted remotely (through Zoom, WhatsApp, or direct calls). Interviews were routinely conducted in Arabic. The interviewees were briefed about the purpose and nature of the research, and interviewee consent was sought before any interview could start. Interviews were recorded, and facts were cross-checked during a documentation phase. All the names used in this report are pseudonyms in order to protect the identity of the interviewees, and avoid retaliation by the perpetrators. 1.4 Challenges Finding the victims for face-to-face interviews was not easy because of security issues, fear, and lack of trust. For security reasons, most of the face-to-face interviews were conducted in the HUDO Centre office, and UN compounds in refugee camps, which involved transport and logistical costs. Conducting remote interviews in Sudan and Chad was also hard due to the difficulties in securing reliable internet access, and other security concerns. Displacement and economic challenges disrupted monitors’ ability to locate victims and conduct more interviews. 1.5 Limitations: There were limited funds to conduct this research. Other limitations were logistical: like organizing/scheduling for travel, finding suitable venues for conducting interviews etc. The fact that this research was conducted amidst armed conflict made it difficult for both interviewees and interviewers to 10