1.3 Brief Background The military influence on the political scene in Sudan continued to be the leading cause of instability and human rights violations. The deterioration of human rights abuses and violations escalated after the military coup of 25th October 2021 which disrupted the transitional period and subsequently affected the political consensus. This negatively affected the human rights situation in Sudan particularly in areas under conflict like Darfur, Blue-Nile (BN) and South Kordufan (SK). As a result, the entire Sudan ended up being affected by the current conflict when the military clashes/ fighting between Sudan Armed Force (SAF) and the Paramilitary Rapid Support Forces (RSF) broke out on 15th April 2023. Previously, the two forces (SAF and RSF) were allies during the revolution that ouster president Al-Bashir’s regime in 2019 and the subsequent military coup of 2021. However, tensions arose during the negotiations to integrate the RSF in the country’s military as part of the framework agreement to restore civilian rule. As a result, fighting started between the two forces and this caused great suffering and humanitarian crisis across Sudan in form of displacement (within and out of Sudan) and worsened the human rights abuses and violations. The people of Sudan have since suffered in form of military violence, rape, murder, distraction of property, hunger, displacement e.t.c. Mediation efforts have been going on with different stakeholders including local, regional and international community (organizations and countries) but with no effect. Since the war started in April 2023, the emergency laws (appendix - 1) in the two states of SK and BN were not changed (instead, they were repeatedly renewed). Also, night curfews are imposed on the people and this affected the life of the civilians particularly in Blue Nile State (appendix-2). 1.4 Statement of the Problem The changing dynamics of the conflict in Sudan came with great suffering in form of human rights violations, hunger, humanitarian crisis, displacements and death. Thousands of people have been killed in the violence, others injured and others have been displaced massively within Sudan and across the country's borders. The warring parties ignored calls for the ceasefire and peace talks. According to the UN officials, Sudan: UN expert raises alarm at dire human rights situation | OHCHR, the crisis is mainly on the protection of civilians whereby the fighting forces indiscriminately attack and use explosive weapons within populated areas. There has been general failure to allow humanitarian access routes for humanitarian assistance to be delivered to people who need assistance. 2