militias the Rapid Support Forces (RSF) was transferred from ministry of defense to National Intelligence and Security Services (NISS) which is directly under the president‟s office3. The RSF was empowered, equipped and given more authority in their operations, which stretch from Darfur to SK and later in 2016 to BN. They have been committing many atrocities ever since. There is also the presence of government allied militias known as People Defense Force (PDF). PDF is mainly composed of nomads‟ from specific tribes. This contributed to the extreme violations, deterioration of human rights, insecurity and humanitarian situation. Since 21st October 2015 the Sudan People Liberation Army-North (SPLA-N) and Sudan government announced ceasefire many times but, they have not committed to it. However, the fighting relatively reduced. There was an initiative known as the “Road Map” which was prepared by African Union High Implementation Panel (AUHIP). The AUHIP proposed a political settlement for the Sudan conflicts which was signed by Sudan government on March 2016 and by Sudan Call4after five months of international interventions in August 20165. On the other hand, there was a national dialogue in Khartoum that finalized the discussion and submitted their recommendation on October 2016 to the president Omer Elbashir. Later the recommendations were published in Sudanese local media by president‟s office however; some of the people who participated in the national dialogue were not in agreement with what was published6. They claimed that the paper had been altered and modified. The Conflict Analysis and Resolution expert, AdeebYousif commented that: "The Sudan National Dialogue faced many challenges in the absence of the real and effective opposition groups most actively involved in the conflict. Many peace treaties that the GoS signed included political accommodation for parties including the armed rebel groups, those agreements either collapsed or helped to escalate civil wars by creating intertribal fights, eventually resulting in changing the conflict dimensions. Signing peace agreements is one among other tactics the GoS has been using to maintain power in Sudan. Therefore the National Dialogue with the witnessed mechanism will be as the same as other previous treaties." Important issue should be considered that, when examining Sudan‟s human rights record under the UN Universal Periodic Review (UPR) process in 2016, in some of the recommendation Sudan accepted the ratification of the UN Convention against Torture 3 The real reality is that the Rapid Support Forces are the re-production of Janjaweed Militia using the same tactics, unfortunately with more destructive power. For more information please visit: http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article51083 4 Sudan Call consist of the opposition parties and the armed groups in which SPLA-N part of it. 5 http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article59869 6 http://smc.sd/2016/03/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A-%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%BA%D9%8A%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B5%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A7/ 2