Executive Summary Human rights and development organization (HUDO Centre) is a Sudanese human rights organization based in Kampala, Uganda. Given the challenges associated with the ongoing armed conflict in Sudan, HUDO Centre carried out research relating to the human rights violations and abuses that overlap from historical injustices to the present situation of armed conflict. The study was about the violations and abuses that took place in the ongoing armed conflict between the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) and Rapid Support Forces (RSF) from April 2023 to date. HUDO Centre specifically set out to conduct research about the mass displacement in West Darfur, ethnic targeting, and the ‘strange faces order’ which worsened the already dire situation among Sudanese communities. Armed conflict was a continuation of the already prevailing challenges of human rights abuses and violations. The researchers were selected and trained before they engaged and interviewed the victims (Sudanese citizens) that have been facing injustices related to mass displacement and ethnic targeting. The case study was the Masalit ethnic group of West Darfur and other non-Arab populations. According to the findings, the perpetrators happened to be security forces including SAF and the RSF plus other militias that are affiliated to both security forces. The ethnically targeted attacks led to forced displacement of Masalit communities and other tribes of African descent. The practice gravely affected the Masalit ethnic group and other non-Arab populations especially in El-Genina and other places within Sudan. There are other cases of strange faces-order which is an un-written and ambiguous law that was practiced (implemented) unreasonably in the Northern states of Sudan (SAF controlled areas) since 2024. The findings were that mass displacements and ethnic targeting took place whereby both the SAF and RSF were implicated, however the RSF was singled out by victims as the main perpetrator of racially and ethnically motivated attacks on non-Arab communities precisely because of their race and ethnicity. Victims testified that the attacks were racially and ethnically motivated and that there were mass killings, and sexual violence, whereby Arab men targeted non-Arab women and additionally used ethnic 4