The ongoing armed conflict in Sudan has led to the humanitarian crises of famine, mass displacement, death, sexual violence, and widespread human rights violations and abuses. Before the start of the armed conflict, there was a civilian uprising in 2019 which resulted in the ouster of the Omar Al-Bashir regime which had formerly lasted almost thirty years. The civilian street protests persisted in demanding democracy and civilian leadership. As a result, the joint military-civilian government was established, but was shortly overthrown by a coup in October 2021. The coup leaders were General Abdel Fattah alBurhan (the commander of SAF and in effect the country's president), and his deputy the RSF leader General Mohammed Hamdan Dagalo. The two generals disagreed on the proposed shift towards civilian rule. They also disagreed among themselves on the plans to incorporate RSF soldiers into the official army/SAF based on the framework agreement.5 As a result, fighting between the two sides began on 15th April 2023, leading to today’s devastating crisis. Before the current armed conflict, certain regions of Sudan, like South Kordofan (SK), Blue Nile (BN), and the Darfur states hosted and produced internally displaced people (IDPs) and refugees. Currently, Sudan is producing one of the largest displacement crises in the world, with over 12 million people displaced6 both internally and across borders due to ongoing armed conflict. Noting this level of migration, there has been a general failure to accurately describe historical ties and closeness of family members and kin communities with many Sudanese nationals across neighbouring countries such as Egypt, Chad, Ethiopia, South Sudan, and others. Research carried out by Human Rights Watch (HRW)7 indicates that “from April to November 2023, the Rapid Support Forces (RSF) and allied militias in El Geneina (West Darfur state) killed thousands of people and displaced many others as refugees and IDPs. Such acts may constitute war crimes under international humanitarian law (IHL) because they were committed in the context of ethnic cleansing campaign against the ethnic Masalit and other non-Arab populations in and around El Geneina”. Such kinds of forced displacements have been taking place in other states of Sudan like South Kordofan and Blue Nile. Framework-Agreement-Final-ENG-05122022.pdf https://www.rescue.org/article/crisis-sudan-what-happening-and-how-help 7 https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/05/09/sudan-ethnic-cleansing-west-darfur 5 6 8